🗓️ Timeline of Mongol Invasions in India (1221–1327)
| Year | Event | Ruler | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1221 CE | First Mongol Entry | Iltutmish (Mamluk Dynasty) | Genghis Khan chased Khwarazm prince Jalal al-Din into Punjab but did not attack Delhi. Iltutmish refused asylum, avoiding confrontation. |
| 1241 CE | Mongol Raid on Lahore | Bahram Shah (Mamluk Dynasty) | Mongols attacked and sacked Lahore. |
| 1245–46 CE | Further incursions | Nasir-ud-din Mahmud | Skirmishes in Punjab; fortresses reinforced. |
| 1292 CE | Minor raids in Punjab | Jalal-ud-din Khalji | Mongol forces made raids into Sindh and Punjab. |
| 1297–98 CE | Battle of Jaran-Manjur | Ala-ud-din Khalji | General Ulugh Khan defeated Mongols near the Sutlej River. |
| 1299 CE | Mongol attack on Delhi | Ala-ud-din Khalji | Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja reached Delhi; repelled. |
| 1303 CE | Siege of Delhi | Ala-ud-din Khalji | Mongols under Targhi besieged Delhi; Sultan took refuge in Siri Fort; no full battle. |
| 1305 CE | Battle of Amroha | Ala-ud-din Khalji | Mongols defeated by Malik Nayak; 8000 prisoners executed. |
| 1306 CE | Battle of Ravi | Ala-ud-din Khalji | Mongols repelled again. Last major Mongol attack during his reign. |
| 1327 CE | Final Mongol Threat | Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq | Small Mongol force crossed into northwest India; quickly crushed. No territorial loss. |
🛡️ Key Defensive Measures Taken
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Ala-ud-din Khalji:
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Built Siri Fort to defend Delhi.
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Maintained a large standing army and market control system to manage costs.
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Implemented spy networks to pre-empt invasions.
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⚔️ Summary Chart: Mongol vs Delhi Sultanate Rulers
| Sultan | No. of Major Mongol Incursions | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|
| Iltutmish | 1 | Avoided war |
| Balban | 0 (fortified northwest) | Preventive measures |
| Jalal-ud-din Khalji | 1 | Minor raids |
| Ala-ud-din Khalji | 5+ | Major resistance; successful defense |
| Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq | 1 | Mongols defeated |
