(a). Assisted reproductive technologies
(b). Drug delivery nanotechnologies
(c). Vaccine production technologies
(d). Wastewater treatment technologies
Explanation:
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are most
often discussed in the context of wastewater treatment technologies:
MBRs combine biological treatment with
membrane filtration to remove pollutants from wastewater. The membranes act as
barriers, allowing clean water to pass through while retaining microorganisms
and suspended solids. MBRs are widely used to treat both domestic and
industrial wastewater. They can also improve effluent quality, sludge
thickening, and a plant's footprint. MBRs are especially useful for handling
high or variable organic loading, such as in industrial wastewater treatment.
History
MBR technology has been established for
more than 30 years and has become a preferred wastewater treatment technology
over the activated sludge process (ASP), which has been the conventional
municipal wastewater technology for over a century.
Demand
The demand for MBRs is driven by
increased awareness about water treatment and safe drinking water, as well as
stringent regulatory enforcement towards the safe discharge of wastewater. The
pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, automotive, and chemicals industries are
among the main drivers of demand for this emerging technology